This section of the science is properly termed the Epistemology-the doctrine or theory of knowing, just as ontology is the science of being. It was the title of the first section of his Institutes of Metaphysics : The word was first used to present a philosophy in English by Scottish philosopher James Frederick Ferrier in 1854. ![]() The title of one of the principal works of Fichte is 'Wissenschaftslehre,' which, after the analogy of technology. The word "epistemology" first appeared in 1847, in a review in New York's Eclectic Magazine : The word epistemology is derived from the ancient Greek epistēmē, meaning "knowledge, understanding, skill, scientific knowledge", and the English suffix -ology, meaning "the science or discipline of (what is indicated by the first element)". In these debates and others, epistemology aims to answer questions such as "What do people know?", "What does it mean to say that people know something?", "What makes justified beliefs justified?", and "How do people know that they know?" Specialties in epistemology ask questions such as "How can people create formal models about issues related to knowledge?" (in formal epistemology), "What are the historical conditions of changes in different kinds of knowledge?" (in historical epistemology), "What are the methods, aims, and subject matter of epistemological inquiry?" (in metaepistemology), and "How do people know together?" (in social epistemology). Philosophical skepticism, which questions the possibility of knowledge, and related problems, such as whether skepticism poses a threat to our ordinary knowledge claims and whether it is possible to refute skeptical arguments.The structure of a body of knowledge or justified belief, including whether all justified beliefs must be derived from justified foundational beliefs or whether justification requires only a coherent set of beliefs. ![]() Potential sources of knowledge and justified belief, such as perception, reason, memory, and testimony. ![]()
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